نشریه علوم و فنون منابع طبیعی
سال دهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1394)

This study aimed to investigate the effect of nanoclay on physical, mechanical, optical properties and morphological characteristics of the paper from CMP pulp was performed. The amount of nanoclay in six levels of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 percent and for retention of the cationic starch 1 percent of all pulps used. After the addition of additives, the handsheets was 60 g/m2 and the physical, mechanical, optical properties and morphological papers made was examined. The results showed that with the increase of nanoclay to 2% increase of the tensile strength and up to 10% reduced. With increasing nanoclay to 4% roughness increase and with 10% reduced. Decreasing trend in average tear strength, burst strength and brightness with nanoclay increasing to the level of 10% was observed. Uptrend in average air resistance, opacity and yellowness by increasing nanoclay the level of 10% was observed. SEM images showed that with increasing levels of nanoclay, somewhat coarse fibers by nanoclay pores are filled why increased air resistance. XRD results showed that the peak of the crystalline area disappeared and morphology of the intercalation formed.

We are attempted to study the anatomical properties of trunk and root wood of (Ailanthus altissima) belongs to (Simaroubaceae) family. Wood discs prepared from trunk and root sections. Then, using microtome, microscopic thin samples provided and after staining with estra-blue and saphranine, fixed on glass lams via Canada Balsam glue and carefully observed by microscope with polarized light and photos took through microscope equipped to Nikon camera and connected to computer. Then images of the samples described according to microscopic traits of broad-leaves provided by IAWA committee. Also, morphological samples prepared according to Franklin in order to determination of fiber length, cellular pit diameter and consequently biometric coefficients. Results showed that there were differences between trunk and root wood in terms of clarity of growth rings in trunk and non-clarity in some years in root, lower wood parenchyma width in root as well as lower frequency of parenchyma length compared to trunk which was reported in many species. According to results, except limited characteristics, there were no much difference between root and trunk wood. Among different characteristics are growth rings, vessels arrangement, single vessels, fiber type and width and length of parenchyma. Results of physical traits showed that Ailanthuswood is a light wood which had specific mass of 0.59.

The goal of this study is to compare the amount of carbon storage and CO2 uptake in Herbaceous and shrub understory of acacia and pine. Malayer city was selected as a study
region. After combining slope, aspect, number of land units (polygons) as well as their area was determined. Polygons that acacia and pine species were presented in the map and marked the hundred percent of them took inventory. The understory species of 40 trees were collected. The amount of organic carbon of understory specious was determined by combustion method in an electric furnace. To determine the soil attribute and it's relation with the amount of biomass and carbon storage, 24 samples from the depth of 0-30 and 30-60 were selected. The results demonstrated that the average amount of biomass, carbon storage and CO2 uptake of herbaceous species were respectively 0.66, 0.54 and 2 ton in per hectare of acacia and in per hectare of pine were respectively 0.28, 0.23 and 0.83 ton. The results of ttest showed that there were significant difference between the amount of carbon storage in per hectare of understory of acacia and pine species. Considering the characteristic of the soil, the percent of Nitrogen, organic carbon and PH showed the maximal correlation with the amount of carbon storage.

In order to investigate on geostatical approach for Some factors estimation in the Caspian region, This study was carried out in the forest Safarood Ramsar. Sampling Procedure was performed, based on 150 m by 200m Systematic rectan gular grid. Since geostatical techniques basically , rely on good estimates of spatial auto-correlation, Particularly at short distances , 4 Sample plots were taken 50m away, from central Sample plots in the W-E and N - S directiond. Each Sample plot contained 2 Concentric circles with Area of 300 m2 and 700 m2 . Overall, 92 sample plots were inventoried in 100 hectares. Then experimental variograms for Variables of volume & basal area and number of trees in hectar were calculated and Ploted Using the geo- refrenced inventory plots. The variograms showed Nugget effect for plots 700m2 for volume 30% , basal area 6.82% and number of trees in heetares was 60% and too variograms showed that spatial outo
correlation between basal Area and Volume in plot 300m2 and 700m2 are Very well of factors number of trees in hectars for plots 300m2 and700m2. The results indicated that spatial relationship Between Volume and basal area in hectars is influence space.

Iran is not only country in the world facing the problem of rangeland degradation. However, as Iran is located in an arid and semiarid region, rangeland preservation is especially of great importance. Although efforts to reduce the damage has already made by the government, but these have been very little in proportion to the severity of current degradation rate. On the other hand, since the main cause of damage to pasture is farmers, so not much satisfactory results will be achieved without their cooperation and participation. The main target of this research is to study the influence of social and economic factors on rangeland degradation in Eshtehard, Karaj, Alborz. The method used in his study was based on three elements: library study (documents and evidences), field study and data analysis. The information required was collected from farmers and experts were working in natural resources offices of the above-mentioned cities, the data was then analyzed by SPSS as well as descriptive and inferential tests. The results obtained showed that from the point of view of both users and experts, changing land application was the most important factor in the destruction of rangelands. Moreover, the economic and social factors were significantly related to the severity of degradation. But the education level of pasture farmers (ranchers) and the shortage of experts in relevant government departments did not show any significant correlation with the severity of degradation.

Forest roads, just like the public roads have different tasks and roles in performing the
major activities of forest projects and other forest affairs that its impact is undeniable. One of the main problems of forest roads is inappropriate design considering that this issue has led to great economical and environmental costs. For evaluation and design of forest roads first, were prepared the Digital Terrain Model in TIN format using the 3D map of Forest Organization which had a scale of 1: 25000 and contour lines distance of 50 m, and in the next step were done digitizing the geological, pedological, and typing maps and Parcelling. To do this were identified, factors affecting the design and extracted all the positive and negative points and in the form of various maps by using GIS Software and were also extracted the constraints in the form of a friction layer. Then was performed weighting each of the parameters using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and pairwise comparison method and was obtained coefficient of importance of each parameter using Expert Choice software and then was produced suitability map considering the coefficient of importance of parameters and its impact on information layers and overlapping them by GIS Software,. Then were rapidly predicted 6 variants of different routes of road with environmental considerations by entering the appropriate longitudinal slope in PEGGER software, and different variants were compared in terms of technical and environmental factors and was elected sixth variant with density 11.07 m/ha and coverage percentage 80.47 as the best variant.

One of the most visible aspects of a forest stand structure, or the spatial distribution pattern of trees in it. Spatial patterns of plant communities, to understand a lot of issues in ecology and forest management is essential. This study aimed to investigate the spatial pattern of land and manage no bearing on the management of the Series 2 Veysar brine is done in the forest. For this purpose, two regions with relatively uniform physiographic conditions were strictly selected and inventory and 45 samples were taken. All land - appeal to its existing location with GPS navigation and some characteristic involving land owners, such as diameter, type and degree of decay was removed. land owners to achieve the spatial structure of the function M (Fig. generalized Rayply method) was used and the results of this study show that a lot of land owners in the area did not manage management area is compared to the more in terms of decay of most species of the in grades 4 and a Beech had been done. In connection with the distribution land owners, the results of calculating the M indicates that the spatial structure of land owners of the masses - the management of 5 yards and started 55 yards furtherfinds that the amplitude distribution pattern in place - if A cluster is visible. Region to unmanaged dispersion patterns, management area was similar, except that the random process manage to showing.